Publications

Pakistan's economy is confronted with a severe economic crisis, which is characterized by high levels of inflation, low economic activity, low foreign reserves, a depreciating currency, and enormous public finance imbalances. The prevailing political uncertainty is further contributing to the problem. The Federal Budget 2023-24 was presented against this challenging macroeconomic backdrop and a co ..

The main objective of this research is to study the consumption patterns of cigarette smokers. The survey provides information on the price and non-price drivers of cigarette consumption behaviour and explores the impact of price changes on consumption. The study is based on a survey of households where more than 7,500 current and past smokers were interviewed. ..

The main objective of this research is to study the consumption patterns of cigarette smokers. The survey provides information on the price and non-price drivers of cigarette consumption behaviour and explores the impact of price changes on consumption. The study is based on a survey of households where more than 7,500 current and past smokers were interviewed. ..

Tobacco taxation is a widely-used policy tool to reduce tobacco consumption globally. In Pakistan, however, policy makers have fallen short of tapping the full potential of cigarette taxation, and inefficiencies in the tax collection system persist. The national tax collection agency, the Federal Board of Revenue (FBR), relies on manufacturers' self-declaration of production to determine their tax ..

Industrial and commercial clusters in and around cities provide for the environment, necessary for rapid economic growth and high generation of revenues for running the business of the State. The density of the population, the knowledge spillover, the competitive environment and the economies of scale induce innovation, specialization and enhance productivity in the urban population. Pakistan� ..

The 18th Constitutional Amendment 2010 introduced significant changes with regard to the devolution of powers to sub-national governments, having a direct bearing on the education sector. In this context, an attempt is made in this research to analyze the performance of provincial governments in terms of five core indicators of educational achievement before and after the Amendment. The household ..

Pakistan is a high-tobacco-burden country where more than 29 million adults use tobacco in some form, and tobacco expenditures constitute a sizeable portion of household budgets. Tobacco expenditure occurs at the cost of spending on necessities such as basic food, health, education, and housing. Therefore, policy interventions aimed at reducing tobacco use can have a significant impact on househol ..

SPDC envisioned a consultative process for discussion and knowledge production on violent extremism particular to Sindh province. Recognizing the dearth of context-specific, localized research, it aimed for a series of dialogues as a first step; a rapid appraisal of the on-ground situation to flag which knowledge gaps exist and what the basic variations and similarities were with other VE contexts ..

This study is the first attempt to estimate the impact of tobacco use on consumption patterns of households in Pakistan and complements existing work on the crowding out effect of tobacco expenditures in developing economies. It also explores how reductions in tobacco expenditure affect intra-household resource allocation. The study is based on quantitative methods by using data from the Pakistan ..

Tobacco consumption is one of the leading causes of preventable death particularly in developing world. Pakistan is not an exception, where the prevalence of tobacco use has emerged as a serious public health challenge. Globally, tobacco taxation is considered one of the crucial elements of tobacco control strategy with its dual objective of public health promotion and revenue generation. On the o ..

Macroeconomic Impacts of Tobacco Use in Pakistan ..

A Study of Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers in India and Pakistan ..

Poverty and income inequality is estimated from household surveys which provide detailed information on household income and consumption along with socio-economic characteristics. However, these surveys are conducted sporadically with irregular intervals. Thus the resultant estimates are not in the form of a continuous time-series, which is a prerequisite for a rigorous analysis of the relationshi ..

Trade and Compliance of Labour Standards in Global Supply Chain ..

Poverty and income inequality is estimated from household surveys which provide detailed information on household income and consumption along with socio-economic characteristics. However, these surveys are conducted sporadically with irregular intervals. Thus the resultant estimates are not in the form of a continuous time-series, which is a prerequisite for a rigorous analysis of the relationshi ..

The 2017 Census of Pakistan: Analyses of Results - Volume 1 ..

Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment with regard to Social Protection ..

This research investigates whether women's empowerment, defined alternatively protects women against spousal physical violence. Nationally representative data of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012-13 is used to quantify the nature and direction of relationship between dimensions of women’s empowerment and the incidence of spousal violence in the context of Pakistan. The empowerment aspe ..

The main objective of this research is to provide poverty and vulnerability statistics estimated from the latest available Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) data. Poverty estimates show that close to 38 percent population of Pakistan was living below the poverty line during the year 2015-16. The incidence, depth and severity of rural poverty are relatively higher as compared to urban are ..

Implications of Implementing SDGs at the National Level: A Case of Pakistan ..

Political Economy of Social Development in Pakistan ..

Urban citizens’ perception survey on public service delivery was conducted by the Social Policy and Development Centre (SPDC) in 2015. The purpose of the survey was to get opinion of public service users regarding access, quality and reliability of service provision; problems encountered and responsiveness of service providers in addressing these problems. About 4000 households across Pakistan p ..

Gender and Social Vulnerability to Climate Change: A Study of Disaster Prone Areas in Sindh ..

State of the Economy: An Evaluation of the Federal Budget 2015- 16 ..

This research assesses the distributional characteristics of growth in Pakistan by applying statistical techniques suggested in the empirical literature on poverty and income inequality. An attempt is also made to determine the relative contribution of economic growth and distribution of income to changes in poverty. Various episodes of growth are considered during the period 1988-2011. The findin ..

This paper analyses the determinants of child activity with regard to schooling, working or neither schooling nor working in the age cohort 5-14 years. Primary data of the Punjab Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) conducted in 2010-11 has been used for this study. The objective of the study is to assess the relative influence of poverty, gender equity in educational attainment, parental educ ..

The health and educational status of children with respect to undernourishment (underweight, stunting and wasting), mortality (IMR and CMR) and out-of-school children in age cohort 5-14 years are quantified across gender and across household multidimensional poverty status. Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) datasets of Punjab and Balochistan provinces are used for this analysis. Significant ..

Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers and Gender-Sensitive Education Financing ..

The study documents the extent and spread of poverty in rural Pakistan using two different approaches to define and measure population living in distress and deprivation. In addition, social exclusion is assessed by developing the geographical Indices of Multiple Derivations. Income inequality and poverty affect each other directly and indirectly through their link with economic growth. Therefo ..

The study highlights the major characteristics of schooling in rural Pakistan by providing a situation analysis in terms of access, equality and quality of education. A cohort-wise analysis for primary (5-9 age cohort) and secondary (10-14 age cohort) levels is carried out to look at the prevailing situation across provinces in terms of enrolment status, trends in participation and gender disparit ..

Gender Dimensions in Rural Non-farm Employment in Pakistan ..

State of the Economy: An Ambitious Budget 2013-14 ..

This research note provides sub-national estimates of monetary poverty with the help of information available in two household surveys conducted during 2010-11. Data of Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) and Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) are combined to produce aggregate poverty measures using small area estimation technique. The technique uses the welfare ..

Gender Dimensions of Development Induced Displacement and Resettlement: A Case of Lyari Expressway in Karachi ..

The Socio-Economic Cost of Violence Against Women: A Case Study of Karachi ..

This research paper provides poverty statistics estimated from the latest available household survey data. The estimates show that an overall 38 percent of the population was poor according to the methodology adopted for this study during the year 2010-11. The incidence, depth and severity of rural poverty are relatively higher as compared to urban areas. The estimates also indicate an increase of ..

The approach to measure poverty in terms of financial deprivation has been widely criticised in the literature of welfare and well-being. It is argued that to understand the complex phenomenon of poverty or to evaluate household or individual well-being, a multidimensional exercise is imperative. This research quantifies the level of multidimensional poverty in Pakistan using latest available hous ..

This study analyses disparities among provinces and districts for the years 2011, 2009 and 2005 with respect to household socio-economic deprivations and could be used as a reliable base for provincial and district development policies. Analysis presented in this study is based on 17 variables, arranged into five groups of composite indicators, reflecting deprivation in education, health, housing ..

Has civil society failed in Pakistan? ..

Gender Dimensions of Social Safety Nets: The Case of Zakat Recipients in Pakistan ..

Trade Liberalisation and Gender Dynamics of Employment in Pakistan ..

Public Spending on Education and Health in Pakistan: A Dynamic Investigation through Gender Lens ..

The consensus developed in various studies on social protection is that there is no clearly articulated government social protection framework. Various social security schemes and cash assistance programs are developed largely as a series of adhoc responses to problems raised by particular circumstances or recommended by international donor agencies. The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) als ..

The paper assesses the extent of household vulnerability to poverty in Pakistan. Preferably, household panel data of sufficient length is used to measure the incidence of vulnerability. However this data is rare in developing countries and if available is not nationally or regionally representative. As a second-best option, this study estimates the extent of vulnerability as “expected poverty” ..

This study is the first attempt to quantify the extent of multidimensional poverty in the context of Pakistan. It involves developing multidimensional poverty indices (headcount, poverty gap, and poverty severity) and comparing them with the traditional income approach. It has been estimated, using household data for 2004-05, that about 54 percent of the population is poor in terms of socio-econom ..

This research focuses on changes in the poverty status of rural households to explore the main determinants of upward and downward income and poverty mobility. The study uses panel survey data for District Badin, which is among the poorest districts of the Sindh province. Households interviewed earlier by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) during 1986-91, were surveyed again ..

Much of the impetus behind the large and increasing support from national governments, Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and donor agencies for microfinance, hinges on the assumption that its economic and social impacts are significant. However, this needs to be examined more closely. This study evaluates the impact of microfinance programs on income, expenditure, child education and women emp ..

State of the Economy: Fiscal Policy Choices in Budget 2008-09 ..

This paper uses Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2004-2005 to examine labour market earnings. The earning function controls for educational qualifications in addition to years of schooling and other conventional correlates. The estimated returns to additional years of schooling are slightly lower than previous estimates for Pakistan. The findings of the study are consi ..

A research team of Social Policy and Development Centre (SPDC) visited selected districts of Pakistan to gather views of officials and representatives of district governments on the present system of local governance. A semi-structured questionnaire was used in the interviews and their opinions were obtained regarding satisfaction with the system, nature of coordination and working relationship am ..

Booklet, economics, tariffs and import, quotas ..

The purpose of this research is to highlight changes in human development status of districts of Pakistan during the period between 1998 and 2005. The standard summary measure, Human Development Index (HDI) proposed by UNDP, is applied at the district level. District HDIs, estimated for both periods will provide an indication of existing trends in regional disparities in terms of economic developm ..

The objective of this research is to update district-wise Indices of Multiple Deprivations 1998, using the latest available data of the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey 2005 (PSLM, 2005). The period from 1998 to 2005, offers an opportunity to evaluate performance of the present government in terms of policies adopted for poverty reduction and in bringing down regional, socia ..

This research appraises inter-temporal educational status for the period 1998- 2005. Access and inequality is measured through the District Education Index (DEI). DEI is a composite index and includes enrollments at various levels as well as literacy rates. Two data sources are used for this exercise: the Population Census 1998 and Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey (PSLM 2005) ..

The objective of this research is to provide estimates of income poverty at the district level with the help of information available in household surveys; PSLM and HIES 2004-05. Both surveys are combined to produce poverty measures at district level using small area estimation technique. The technique uses the welfare (consumption or income) function to estimate and predict poverty with the help ..

Social Policy and Development Centre (SPDC) keeps track records of intertemporal changes in poverty incidence by using the consistent methodology for defining and computing national and regional poverty lines and poverty incidences. This research paper provides latest estimates of poverty for the year 2004-05, by using unit record survey data and by adopting consistent methodology ..

The main focus of this study undertaken by the authorsis to explore the impact of trade liberalization on gender inequalities in Pakistan. The overall gender inequality based on three dimensions, including labour market, education and health facilities, are analyzed in this paper using data from 1973 to 2005. Exports and imports to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ratio, per capita GDP, and number of ..

The expansionary economic policies of the government and of the central bank (State Bank of Pakistan – SBP), which on one side resulted in impressive economic performance, stimulated a rise in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) on the other. This initiated a debate on the determinants of the recent inflation. Some blamed fiscal policy or monetary policy, while others blamed imported inflation, admin ..

This paper tries to highlight the effect of fiscal policy, monetary policy and other economic measures on TFP in Pakistan. Analyzing TFP in Pakistan by using recent data is important for two reasons. First, in the past few years, Pakistan has been experiencing very high growth in the region and it is important to know the latest growth accounting. Secondly, the Pakistan government has implemented ..

In recent years, the ‘black economy’ has held enormous appeal for policy makers. The presence of the black economy creates critical misrepresentation of macroeconomic variables in official estimates which lead to false determination and delusional impact of economic policies. Similarly, the black economy represents the unrecorded potential of the economy vis-à-vis resource generation and mobi ..

The Review represents the efforts of SPDC to objectively present the situation with respect to the state of the economy. It points out the improvements in economic performance and an increase in the economy's sustainable rate of growth over the past few years, which are in part a result of the improved macroeconomic policy environment. It also highlights, however, the growing macroeconomic imbalan ..

Provincial Accounts of Pakistan: Methodology and Estimates 1973-2000 ..

In this study, we use simulations from the Social Policy and Development Centre’s large-scale empirical model of Pakistan’s economy to quantify the economic losses resulting from the devastating earthquake that hit the country on October 8, 2005. We then use the model to trace the path that the economy can be expected to follow under the relief and reconstruction assumptions that seem most pla ..

The Review is an effort to objectively present the situation with respect to the state of the economy. It highlights the impressive growth performance and the Government's role in achieving that. But it also emphasizes that some signs of overheating and stress are now emerging in the economy that policy makers and other economic participants would be ill-advised to ignore. We hope that all stakeho ..

The purpose of the study was to assess the high cost of cancer and depletion of assets of the patients suffering from cancer. The investigations were conducted with the guidance from oncologists and other health professionals. The objectives of the study were: to estimate and highlight the cost of the cancer treatment, to describe how persons fighting with terminal disease and their carers are cop ..

This report is motivated to fill the gap in policy analysis by estimating the human capital index (HCI) at the provincial level from 1982-83 to 2001-02. The accumulated human capital is estimated using the Labourincome based methodology. The index is computed for the three sectors of the economy: Agriculture, Manufacturing and Services, by using data from respective Labour Force Surveys. The estim ..

The Working Papers provide a vehicle for the initial dissemination of the work of the project to a wide range of audience including policy makers, scholars, development practitioners, policy analysts, international donor organizations and country-wide or regional nonprofit organizations. Working Papers are intermediary products, and they are released in the interest of timely distribution of Proje ..

The main objective of this research exercise is to provide correlates of household consumption or poverty using the latest household survey. The estimated coefficients and their weights may be used to predict poverty incidence from light monitoring survey such as Core Welfare Indicator Questionnaire (CWIQ). The CWIQ survey instrument essentially collects simple welfare indicators from a large segm ..

The paper explores the linkages between poverty, growth and inequality in the context of Pakistan. Time series macro data are used for the period 1979 to 2002. Consistent poverty and inequality measures are interpolated to facilitate the estimation of poverty elasticity with respect to growth and inequality in a multi-variate regression framework. The paper also attempts to find out macroeconomic ..

The Review is an effort to objectively present the situation with respect to the state of the economy. It acknowledges the gains made over the year, but also identifies the areas where weaknesses are pronounced and where policy shifts are called for. And in line with SPDC’s perspective, the Review highlights the equity, employment-generation and poverty reduction aspects of macroeconomic and fis ..

Vertical Imbalance and NFC-2004 ..

This paper investigates the dynamics of poverty and inequality in Pakistan over the period 1988-1999. The year 1988 was the year of the first formal Structural Adjustment Lending (SAL) from the World Bank and the IMF. Thus, this analysis facilitates the debate regarding the impact of SAL on household welfare and poverty. This is done by analyzing changes in poverty and inequality from two comparab ..

The purpose of this research is to demonstrate how ‘landlordism’ (land concentration and landlessness) impede education attainments and consequently, increase poverty and income inequality. The study is based on the latest data of the Agricultural Census (2000) for Punjab1 province, which is the heartland of Pakistan’s agriculture. School Life Expectancy (SLE), which is a useful composite me ..

Zakat As A Social Safety Net: Exploring the Impact ..

Geographical targeting may be a viable way to allocate resources for poverty alleviation in developing countries. Efficiency can be increased and leakages to the non-poor reduced substantially by targeting needy areas. A national and regional database of substantial poverty maps or deprivation indices are not readily available in Pakistan. Further, existing activities of poverty alleviation are ca ..

This paper estimates the extent of undernutrition in urban Pakistan in terms of calorie consumption after controlling heterogeneity in household characteristics. It also evaluates the sensitivity of price and income shocks on incidence, depth and severity of undernutrition. Approximately 27 percent incidence of urban undernourishment or food poverty is computed from the Household Integrated Econom ..

The study provides estimates of the private return to education in Pakistan. A Mincerian earning function is estimated using the latest available household survey data of 2001-02. Inter-provincial, inter-sectoral and inter-regional variations in earning and educational attainment are explored. The paper also investigates the inter-temporal changes in returns using the household survey of 1990-91. ..

The purpose of this research is to observe the impact of the individual and aggregate-level education on the fertility rate. The empirical investigation has been extended to observe the determinants of fertility using aggregate district data. The estimated coefficients of the macro fertility model establish a case for higher education for women to achieve a noticeable reduction in the fertility ra ..

Microfinancing: Fighting Against Poverty ..

There is a growing concern, in developing and transition economies that spatial and regional inequality, of economic activity, incomes and social indicators, is on the increase. Regional inequality is a dimension of overall inequality, but it has added significance when spatial and regional divisions align with political and ethnic tensions to undermine social and political stability. Despite thes ..

As economic activity becomes increasingly knowledge based, disparities in educational opportunity play a more important role in determining the distribution of income and poverty. A greater equity in the distribution of educational opportunities enables the poor to capture a larger share of the benefits of economic growth, and in turn contributes to higher growth rates. In contrast, largescale exc ..

Pakistan's External Debt Burden: Causes Complexities and Remedies ..

Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector in Pakistan ..

This paper quantifies the trend in TFP in Pakistan over the 25 years period, 1972-73 and 1997- 98. This leads to the conclusion that a significant part of the decline in growth rate during the decade of the 90s is also due to a slowing down of the growth in TFP and not just because of a lower level of investment in the economy. The paper then attempts to answer the following questions: Is the phen ..

Cost of Living Index by City of Pakistan ..

Recasting Sindh Budget (Expenditures) From 'Head of Account' To 'Department' Basis ..

Impact of the Afghan War on the Economy: Options for Pakistan ..

Stabilization vs Growth: Federal Budget 2001-02 ..

Incidence of Income Poverty in Pakistan ..

Credit to the Poor: Consultations with Borrowers ..

This paper is an attempt to relate social development and economic growth in order to assess the success of various policy regimes. The paper also tests for a statistical relationship between the two so as to answer the question whether improvements in the social indicators can be explained by the level and changes in per capita income. The choice of component variables for forming the composite S ..

The Social Policy and Development Centre (SPDC) has a tradition of bringing out a Research Report every year containing analysis of the proposals for expenditure and taxation in the Federal Budget from the viewpoint of their impact on the economy and people of Pakistan. This year’s report contains 24 articles on various aspects of the Budget of 2000- 01, written by staff members of SPDC. We hope ..

This report presents general guidelines for preparing a case study of public-private partnership in the health sector. Based on the guidelines, a case study is undertaken in partnership between a private medical college and a public hospital in the city of Abbottabad in NWFP. This case study highlights how a successful partnership can be evolved in the presence of 'synergy' between partners, stron ..

The paper deals with the impact of macroeconomic developments on the incidence of poverty and offers an explanation as to why poverty fell sharply in the decade of 80s and has tended to increase significantly in the 90s. It develops a set of medium term (upto 2002- 03) macroeconomic projections which embody a ‘business as usual’ type of scenario and identifies the likely consequences on the le ..

Evaluation of Social Safety Nets in Pakistan ..

This paper is based on the work done by the Macroeconomic Framework Sub-Group of the Economic Advisory Board of which the author was the Convenor. Projections made by the Sub-Group have been revised in light of recent numbers and in response to comments received from members of EAB in the meeting on December 2, 1999. Inputs in particular, from the State Bank of Pakistan, Planning Commission and th ..

Elements of Good Economic Governance ..

Social Impact of Economic Crisis: Lessons for Pakistan ..

Impact of Economic Adjustment on Social Development in Pakistan ..

Modeling Poverty Trends in Pakistan: Some Additional Empirical Evidence ..

This report contains nine articles on various aspects of the Budgets of the four provincial governments in 999-2000, written by staff members of SPDC. We hope that government officials, private sector, members of NGOs and civil society at large will find this report useful in understanding the implications of the Budget. ..

The 1998 Population Census ..

The purpose of this paper is to quantity the extent of gender inequality in access to social and economic opportunity in Pakistan and to analyse its determinants. Analysis shows a high degree of gender inequality in Pakistan. This is largely a consequence of inequality in labour force participation rate followed by literacy rate and school participation rate. On the whole gender inequality has dec ..

Evaluation of the Federal Budget 1999 2000 ..

This report compiles a dozen essays relating to the state of the economy, budgetary trends, accuracy of budgetary proposals, evaluation of the taxation proposals, development priorities and the macro economic impact of the budget on growth, inflation, savings and investments, external sector, poverty and inter-governmental fiscal relations. Special effort has been made to highlight the impact of t ..

The research has identified the changes made by SKAA in its lease granting and development procedures. This has consisted primarily of decentralisation of the process of decision making, whereby the authority of granting leases which was originally centralised at the top in the Director General himself is now available with the officer in charge of the lease camp. In addition to this, the procedur ..

The report has used 37 indicators relating to the education, health, water supply income and wealth, agriculture, housing transportation and labour force sectors to rank districts of Pakistan in terms of the level of social and economic development. The paper demonstrates the importance of education indicators in determining the overall level of social development, especially in terms of female li ..

The objective of this report is to describe the process of fiscal decentralization in a number of Asian countries. It covers areas of expenditure and service responsibility allocations, tax assignments, transfers to and access to borrowings by subnational governments. Best practices observed in these countries are highlighted alongwith any practices to avoid. The paper draws lessons regarding the ..

Review of the Social Action Program ..

This report is a compilation of these articles. We hope that our analyses will represent an objective appraisal of the economy and the Budget of 1997-98 and will be of some use to readers. Social Policy and Development Centre, which focuses on policy analysis, in particular social sector policy, has analysed the budget. These analysis cover a wide spectrum of issues and impacts. Debt management, ..

This report analyses the factors contributing to the growth of public debt and debt servicing in Pakistan, with the special focus on the impact of the financial sector reforms pursued in recent years, which have tended to increase the cost of domestic borrowings. The study presents a policy package for containing the growth of public debt and reducing the burden of debt servicing in coming years. ..

Budget in Pakistan, constitutes a statement of government’s fiscal priorities and policy objectives for the forthcoming year. At times major policy changes are announced which include changes in tariff rates, taxes, incentives etc., that have subsequent impacts on various segments in the economy. Therefore, it generally generates a lot of debate, both within and outside the Assembly. Also, the b ..

Resource Mobilisation and Expenditure Planning for Social Sectors in Pakistan ..

The World Summit for Social Development: Its Implications for Social Sector Development in Pakistan ..

The objectives of this report are two fold: first, determine the extent of variation among districts in the level of social development and second to examine in the spatial context for Pakistan how strong the relationship is between levels of economic and social development and what explains regional differences in the level of social development. The former will help us in particular in identifyi ..

This report attempts to measure and explain these differentials between 1972 and 1993. It examines the relationship between rates of continuation class-wise for males and females and five factors: school availability, teacher availability, rate of urbanisation, per capita income and female literacy. School and teacher availability are found to be the strongest factors influencing continuation acro ..

SPDC has prepared this report in the context of the recently constituted National Finance Commission on federal revenue sharing transfers to the provincial governments. Provincial governments in Pakistan have the principal responsibility for delivery of social services like education, health, water supply and sanitation, etc. which are largely financed by fiscal transfers from the federal governme ..

Integrated Social Policy and Macro Economic Planning Model for Pakistan ..

Optimal Enrollment and Cost Effective Expenditures for Public School System ..

Data Base Development for Integrated Social Sector Revenue and Expenditure Model ..

Specification of Integrated Social Sector Revenue and Expenditure Planning Model ..

A Study on Improving the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Spending in the Social Sectors and Increasing Resource Mobilisation in the Provinces (5 volumes) ..

Fiscal Policy in Pakistan ..

This report presents findings from a nationwide survey conducted in Pakistan. The survey, which was conducted between October and December 2023, is highly relevant as it assesses the impact of the cigarette tax increase in February 2023 on the consumption patterns of cigarette smokers. It covered about 9,000 households, where current, past, and non-smokers were interviewed. The report also compare ..

The heavy consumption of tobacco products in Jordan poses significant public health and economic challenges, as highlighted by our household smoker pack examination survey. With one of the highest smoking prevalence rates globally, Jordan faces a public health crisis, which is exacerbated by affordable cigarettes as well as the availability of illicit cigarettes. ..

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE BA-HIMMAT BUZURG PROGRAMME - 2024 ..